Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage:
Exegesis on 1 Corinthians 7
by John A. Reeves
INTRODUCTION
A good teacher knows that there are always questions asked that need to be answered. The apostle Paul was no exception (7:1). Within the context of chapter 7, Paul answers the question(s) which the Corinthian congregation needed to know. He answered them so that they would be guided in a correct lifestyle of Christ. What specific question(s) they asked, it is impossible to know, but Paul explains exactly what they needed to hear, to be right with God, in a society which was not influenced by the New Covenant of Jesus Christ.[i] Unlike the apostles, who were inspired by God and guided by truth in the Holy Spirit,[ii] “normal” and uninspired believers in Christ were confronted with many issues that needed to be addressed by those who were, in fact, inspired by God.[iii]
This text discusses many issues; especially, those centered around familial relationships. Paul speaks about marriage relationships (7:1-6), celibacy (7:7-9), divorce or separation between believing married couples (7:10-11), a believer married to a non-believer (7:12-16), divorce of a non-believer from a believer (7:15-16), examples of living worthy in one’s status whatever it is (7:17-24), remaining as one with God in the present distress (7:25-28), a believer’s proper attitude in relationship with God (7:29-35), virgins in the custom of arranged marriages (7:36-38), widows (7:39), and the choice to marry or not to marry (7:39-40). Did the body of Christ in Corinth ask a question(s) that covered all these issues? Were they interested in hearing a viewpoint that would verify what others believed to be true? Did Paul expand on the answer to a small question? Whatever the question(s), Paul makes a brilliant exposition that was not only beneficial for the Corinthian church of the first century, but also for all believers in Christ today.[iv] Now, let us look at each text individually and attempt to determine the thoughts of Paul - one who is inspired by the Holy Spirit.
MARRIAGE RELATIONSHIPS (7:1-6)
“(1) Now concerning the matters about which you wrote: ‘It is good for a man not to have sexual relations with a woman.’ (2) But because of the temptation to sexual immorality, each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband. (3) The husband should give to his wife her conjugal rights, and likewise the wife to her husband. (4) For the wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does. Likewise the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does. (5) Do not deprive one another, except perhaps by agreement for a limited time that you may devote yourselves to prayer; but then come together again, so that Satan may not tempt you because of your lack of self-control. (6) Now as a concession, not a command, I say this.”[v]
There is no doubt that the union of a man and a woman in marriage is a wonderful gift from God.[vi] And this union of marriage is combined with the love of God who joined them.[vii] So, the statement Paul made that “It is good for a man not to have sexual relations with a woman” (7:1b), must be understood in the context of the sexually loose lifestyle of Corinth. In fact, his reason for Corinthian Christians to be married is because of their incessant immoralities (7:2).[viii]
God designed the joining in marriage to be between a man and woman only (7:2).[ix] And within that marriage the husband and wife are to fulfill each other’s sexual needs (7:3-5). The importance of being married for sexual needs is the main reason, on this subject, Paul is addressing the Corinthian church. Again, Paul desired them to be married because of their lack of constraint on issues of immorality (7:1). Yet, the duty that a married couple has for each other is not exclusive to sexual fulfillment.[x] Their individual lives do not center merely on their own self-gratification but, as a married couple, they support each other in all marital issues including sexual relations (7:4).
Within the context of these first six verses are commandments that must be followed. These commandments are: marriage in the face of immorality, marriage between a man and a woman, and sexual fulfillments in marriage. However, Paul suggests (7:6) that a married couple may refrain from sexual fulfillment for a time to focus of spiritual reflection and spiritual needs (7:5). So, even while taking care of certain spiritual disciplines, married couples must be aware why they were married in the first place and not succumb, or let their spouse succumb, to temptation that leads to immorality (7:5).[xi]
CELIBACY (7:7-9)
“(7) I wish that all were as I myself am. But each has his own gift from God, one of one kind and one of another. (8) To the unmarried and the widows I say that it is good for them to remain single as I am. (9) But if they cannot exercise self-control, they should marry. For it is better to marry than to burn with passion”
The practice of celibacy is one’s ability to refrain from sexual needs and wants. So, those who practice celibacy do not need the sexual fulfillment that can only be appropriately found in marriage. Paul was one of these individuals who held to this practice and he encouraged others to follow in his footsteps (7:1, 7). Yet, the practice of celibacy, on a permanent basis, is not something that one can decide or demand others to do unilaterally.[xii] It is a gift that God gives certain people (7:7). So, it would be futile to require the practice of celibacy on people who hold certain roles in the Christian kingdom.[xiii] Clearly, the individual would be the best person to determine if God has given him or her this gift. Paul wishes that all people were like him, but he does not command it (7:7).
One reason Paul gave for widows and the unmarried to remain celibate was because of the persecution that they would face as Christians, not because marriage in and of itself is a bad idea.[xiv] This “temporary” celibacy would be convenient considering persecution. It would be easier for a single person to escape or stand up for Christ because he would not feel obligated to take care of the needs of his family.[xv] Yet, regardless of their present distress, Paul did not forget that it is better for people to marry than to burn with desire for unmet sexual fulfillment, fall into immorality, and ultimately sin against God (7:9).
DIVORCE OR SEPERATION BETWEEN BELIEVING MARRIED COUPLES (7:10-11)
“(10) To the married I give this charge (not I, but the Lord): the wife should not separate from her husband (11) (but if she does, she should remain unmarried or else be reconciled to her husband), and the husband should not divorce his wife.”
There are those who have the opinion that this text is not dealing with divorce between a married couple; rather, it is dealing with separation. However, it seems very clear that Paul is talking about divorce of a married couple rather than a temporary separation. First, Paul says that this instruction is to a married couple. They are married because God recognizes that they are united.[xvi] The reason that this conclusion seems best is because Paul commands that a Christian woman, who has left her Christian husband, is to remain unmarried (7:11). So, if she became unmarried after being married; it follows that she is divorced.
The command that a Christian husband and wife should not get a divorce comes from “the Lord” (7:10).[xvii] The word “Lord”, in this instance, does not seem to designate Jesus only but also the Heavenly Father.[xviii] Divorce is detestable to God and God lays down the rule not to get a divorce; yet, for those believers who do become divorced, He then regulates their behavior after the fact. If a divorce happens between a believing husband and wife, except for reasons of adultery,[xix] neither individual may remarry another and be correct with God. In fact, the only two choices they have are: 1) to remain unmarried, or 2) become reconciled and reunite their marriage (7:11).[xx]
A BELEIVER MARRIED TO A NON-BELIEVER (7:12-16)
“(12) To the rest I say (I, not the Lord) that if any brother has a wife who is an unbeliever, and she consents to live with him, he should not divorce her. (13) If any woman has a husband who is an unbeliever, and he consents to live with her, she should not divorce him. (14) For the unbelieving husband is made holy because of his wife, and the unbelieving wife is made holy because of her husband. Otherwise your children would be unclean, but as it is, they are holy. (15) But if the unbelieving partner separates, let it be so. In such cases the brother or sister is not enslaved. God has called you to peace. (16) For how do you know, wife, whether you will save your husband? Or how do you know, husband, whether you will save your wife?”
There are only two scenarios, and possibly a third, that would have to happen for a person who is a believer to be married to a non-believer. First, a believer marries a non-believer. This could be the result of an arranged marriage which was and still is common in many cultures or it could be the natural development that comes from affection for the opposite sex. Second, two non-believers are married and one becomes a Christian later in the marriage. Third, and possibly the most debatable, two believers are married to each other and the one spouse falls away from the Lord; thereby, becoming in all respects a non-believer.[xxi] These scenarios may be exactly that which the apostle Paul is referring.
Paul starts off this section oddly, he says “To the rest I say, (I, not the Lord) . . .” (7:12). Is Paul claiming that this section is his opinion and therefore may not need to be listened to by the hearer (cf. 7:6)? Not according to his apostleship given by the Lord.[xxii] Paul’s words are from the Holy Spirit. Quite probably, this statement in verse 12 relates back to verse 10. Verse 10 should be understood as information spoken by Jesus while he was on the earth. Hence, the topic of a believer married to a non-believer was not discussed by Jesus and His disciples.[xxiii]
The believer may not initiate divorce from their unbelieving spouse (7:12-13). The reason why a believer must not initiate the divorce is because there is always a chance that the unbelieving spouse may turn to the Lord because of the example that the believing spouse has with their counterpart (cf. 7:14, 16). Also, the believing spouse can be a great influence for Christ on their children. It is important that the children are shown all positive Christian attributes that can only be taught and exposed by a believer in Christ. So, the sanctity of the marriage goes beyond the comfort ability of a mixed marriage toward a mission effort for the cause of Christ (7:14).
DIVORCE OF A NON-BELIEVER FROM A BELIEVER (7:15-16)
(15) But if the unbelieving partner separates, let it be so. In such cases the brother or sister is not enslaved. God has called you to peace. (16) For how do you know, wife, whether you will save your husband? Or how do you know, husband, whether you will save your wife?”
All a Christian can do is their best. God allows all people to make choices in their lives that affect their eternal relationship.[xxiv] So, a non-believer, who decides to divorce his or her spouse, is free to do so according to God’s word (7:15). This willful separation is to be understood as a death that permanently separates the marriage relationship so that the believing spouse is free to remain celibate or remarry (cf. 7:39). The believer, even though they may feel like a failure, is under no obligation to their divorced counterpart.
EXAMPLES OF LIVING WORTHY IS ONE’S STATUS WHATEVER IT IS (7:17-24)
“(17) Only let each person lead the life that the Lord has assigned to him, and to which God has called him. This is my rule in all the churches. (18) Was anyone at the time of his call already circumcised? Let him not seek to remove the marks of circumcision. Was anyone at the time of his call uncircumcised? Let him not seek circumcision. (19) For neither circumcision counts for anything nor uncircumcision, but the keeping the commandments of God. (20) Each one should remain in the condition in which he was called. (21) Were you a bondservant when called? Do not be concerned about it. (But if you can gain your freedom, avail yourself of the opportunity. (22) For he who was called in the Lord as a bondservant is a freedman of the Lord. Likewise he who was free when called is a bondservant of Christ. (23) You were bought with a price; do not become bondservants of men. (24) So, brothers, in whatever condition each was called, there let him remain with God.”
Is there a possibility that the apostle Paul lost his train of thought while he was writing a passage concerning marriage, divorce, and remarriage? Not likely. It seems that Paul, like any good orator, was using examples concerning other life events to help illustrate the importance of one’s walk with God; especially, in relationship situations. What Paul is stressing, concerning the marriage and celibacy issues, is for all churches in the first century, as well as today (7:17). God has called all believers to walk in the walk they chose when they became Christians.[xxv] It is a walk that is directed by the light of Jesus Christ which leads a person toward salvation.[xxvi]
When a person becomes a Christian, he does so at the point in life that he finds himself. A person who is a Jew (circumcised) can become a Christian even though he was born or made a Jew. A person who is a Greek or Gentile (uncircumcised) can become a Christian even though he is not currently a Jew (7:18).[xxvii] Rituals that identify a person to a national or religious group do not bind that person permanently to those groups when he chooses to become a Christian (7:18-19). What matters in being a believer of Christ is keeping the commandments of God according to the covenant in which he lives (7:19).[xxviii] So, the mark of an obedient and faithful Christian is commandment keeping. Noticeably, some of those commandments deal with relationship situations concerning marital issues.
What about social standing. A person who is a slave or a person who is a free man has an equal choice to become a Christian. Yet becoming a Christian did not mean that a slave immediately was freed from his master (7:12-14).[xxix] On the contrary, a slave is required to serve his master as unto the Lord.[xxx] There is no doubt that to be free of indentured servitude would be a blessing to those who were slaves (7:21). Yet, a Christian who is a slave has the knowledge that he is free in Christ and will receive blessings accordingly (7:22). Likewise, those who became Christians as free men are slaves to Christ because their lives are not their own – they are Christ’s (7:22-23). It is important to remain faithful to the Lord no matter what circumstances happen in one’s life (7:24).
REMAINING AS ONE WITH GOD IN THE PRESENT DISTRESS (7:25-28)
“(25) Now concerning the betrothed, I have no command from the Lord, but I give my judgment as one who by the Lord’s mercy is trustworthy. (26) I think that in view of the present distress it is good for a person to remain as he is. (27) Are you bound to a wife? Do not seek to be free. Are you free from a wife? Do not seek a wife. (28) But if you do marry, you have not sinned, and if a betrothed woman marries, she has not sinned. Yet those who marry will have worldly troubles, and I would spare you that.”
Paul is concerned for the Christian’s welfare. It seems as if Paul has been given inspired foresight into the difficulty that is beginning for all Christians during this age of the Roman empire and for the persecution that is going to continue to take place. Because of this, Paul is persisting in pointing out the urgency in remaining current in one’s marital or non-marital relationships for the time being (cf. 7:1, 8, 20, 24, 26, 40).
Paul is letting people know that Jesus did not speak about the status of virgins, but Paul, from the Lord, says that a person who is a virgin should remain as a virgin (at least temporarily) because of the persecution against Christians (7:25-26). Not only should virgins consider remaining unmarried (cf. 7:25, 28),[xxxi] but those who are married to a believer or a non-believer should not initiate or seek a divorce from their spouse (cf. 7:10-16). And if they have been divorced, as a believer from a non-believer, then that person should not seek to be married (cf. 7:12-16); especially, during this time of present persecution (7:27).
Paul still hasn’t forgotten the pull people have falling into the temptation concerning immorality (7:2). This is true because he says that those who have been divorced from non-believers may remarry without fear of sinning against God (7:28). Also, those who have never been married may seek to be married to another without sinning against God (7:28). Paul is not discouraging marriage or celibacy, but is encouraging awareness about the present distress so people will have all the information they need to make wiser, more appropriate decisions (7:26). It is important to remember that Paul has not changed his mind about believing spouses who have married and divorced. The only two choices they have are to reconcile and remarry each other or stay unmarried (7:10-11).
A BELEIVER’S PROPER ATTITUDE IN RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD (7:29-35)
“(29) This is what I mean, brothers: the appointed time has grown very short. From now on, let those who have wives live as though they had none, (30) and those who mourn as though they were not mourning, and those who rejoice as though they were not rejoicing, and those who buy as though they had no goods, (31) and those who deal with the world as though they had no dealings with it. For the present form of this world is passing away. (32) I want you to be free from anxieties. The unmarried man is anxious about the things of the Lord, how to please the Lord. (33) But the married man is anxious about worldly things, how to please his wife, (34) and his interests are divided. And the unmarried or betrothed woman is anxious about the things of the Lord, how to be holy in body and spirit. But the married woman is anxious about worldly things, how to please her husband. (35) I say this for your own benefit, not to lay any restraint upon you, but to promote good order and to secure your undivided devotion to the Lord”
The phrase, “the appointed time has grown very short” seems to carry a recommendation for the first century Christian to express a pronounced fortitude in keeping a relationship with God strong (7:29). This persecution demands, by its very nature, that an individual be dedicated to the Lord and look at life with spiritual eyes rather than eyes that are only focused on the physical.[xxxii] Therefore, those who are married, those who are sad, those who are happy, those who are businessmen, and all those believers who live in the world should not live as if God is not in charge of their lives. God supplies believers with all their needs and resources and He wants to be the priority, above every other relationship, that can be found in this world (7:29-31). It must be remembered that our life on earth is fleeting[xxxiii] and those who belong to God recognize that there is no permanence in this life.[xxxiv] So, our focus must remain solely on God.
Again, Paul strongly suggests that believers in Christ should consider celibacy so that they will be free from concern about family (7:32, 35). It is only natural for a good spouse to seek the best for the welfare of his or her partner. So, if a spouse is sick, injured, or needing help in any way then the partner’s attention is drawn toward satisfying those needs (7:32-33). Does that mean that they do not honor and devote themselves to the Lord? Of course not. Yet, their attention cannot always be on the Lord’s mission, which is seeking and saving the lost,[xxxv] but must also be focused on taking care of their own household in whatever capacity they are required to fulfill.
VIRGINS IN THE CUSTOM OF ARRANGED MARRIAGES (7:36-38).
“(36) If anyone thinks that he is not behaving properly toward his betrothed, if his passions are strong, and it has to be, let him do as he wishes: let them marry-it is no sin. (37) But whoever is firmly established in his heart, being under no necessity but having his desire under control, and has determined this in his heart, to keep her as his betrothed, he will do well. (38) So then he who marries his betrothed does well, and he who refrains from marriage will do even better.”
In many cultures, including the Corinthian culture, families arranged marriages between a boy and a girl long before they were of an age to marry. The male was usually much older than his future wife so he could provide for her properly. Yet, the father of the daughter had the right to accept or refuse the union of his daughter with another. The custom is not something Paul argues for or against; yet, he encourages fathers with virgin daughters not to give them in marriage, at least in the short term, because of the present distress (cf. 7:26, 38).[xxxvi]
There are some reasons why a father would go ahead and let his daughter be married. She may be past her youth, in other words – past puberty, and her time for marriage is customarily appropriate (7:36). In other words, the society norms cause him to conform to the marriage custom. Also, the phrase, “if it has to be” (7:36), may refer to those who are betrothed and their obvious passionate desires for each other which is a very acceptable reason for the marriage union (cf. 7:2-5). It must be noted that whatever the father does, in allowing or not allowing his virgin daughter to be married, neither choice is a sin against God (7:36).
WIDOWS (7:39)
“(39) A wife is bound to her husband as long as he lives. But if her husband dies, she is free to be married to whom she wishes, only in the Lord.”
Marriage is to be a life-long event. God did not design it to be a trade-in program like people, today, do with cars.[xxxvii] The only legitimate reasons that a marriage completes its cycle is when one spouse commits adultery,[xxxviii] a non-believing spouse chooses to divorce (7:12-16),[xxxix] or the spouse loses the loved one in physical death (7:39).[xl] The Lord granted the blessings of the marriage union to all people even if they are not Christians.[xli] It is a beautiful gift from God to all humanity but; especially, those Christians who marry each other “in the Lord” (7:39).
THE CHOICE TO MARRY OR NOT TO MARRY (7:39-40)
“(39) A wife is bound to her husband as long as he lives. But if her husband dies, she is free to be married to whom she wishes, only in the Lord. (40) Yet in my judgment she is happier if she remains as she is. And I think that I too have the Spirit of God.”
Paul again shows his concern for those Christians who will be going through the current and up-and-coming persecution. Celibacy is Paul’s answer for those who are widowed (7:8, 40).[xlii] However, Paul has not forgotten why people; especially in Corinth, need to get married (7:2, 9). Paul does not require widows to remain celibate; in fact, marriage is something she is permitted to do if she so chooses (7:39). It must be noted that if a person does have the gift of celibacy then his or her ability to devote their life to Christ is enhanced tremendously (7:7, 32-35). This is what all Christians need to do – focus on God and His will in their lives.
CONCLUSION
The Lord loves His people and with that love He gives guidelines and commandments concerning relationships. Through the Spirit, the Lord provides answers to questions that are relevant to the human situation. It is with our utmost that Christians need to serve God. If a Christian has the gift of celibacy, then serve God. If a Christian is married, divorced, or widowed; then serve God. If a Christian has never been married, serve God. “Only let each person lead the life that the Lord has assigned to him, and to which God has called him. This is my rule in all the churches” (7:17).
ENDNOTES
[i] Hebrews 8:8-12; Jeremiah 31:31-34; See also, Matthew 26:27-28; Hebrews 8:6; 9:15-22; 10:26-31; 12:24; Isaiah 42:6-9; Malachi 3:1.
[ii] See, John 20:22-23, Acts 1:8; also, note Paul’s special relationship with Jesus even though he was not one of the original 12 apostles, Acts 9; 18:9-10; 20:23-24; Romans 1:1-6; 1 Corinthians 9:1-2.
[iii] “I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word” (John 17:20).
[iv] “Only let each person lead the life that the Lord has assigned to him, and to which God has called him. This is my rule in all the churches” (1 Corinthians 7:17).
[v] All Scripture quotes come from the English Standard Version (ESV) unless otherwise stated.
[vi] See, Genesis 2:22-24; Ephesians 5:31.
[vii] “So they are no longer two but one flesh. What therefore God has joined together, let no man separate” (Matthew 19:6).
[viii] 1 Corinthians 5:1ff.
[ix] See, Genesis 2:18; 1 Corinthians 6:9; 1 Timothy 1:10.
[x] Especially Christian couples; see, Ephesians 5:25ff.
[xi] “Let no one say when he is tempted, ‘I am being tempted by God,’ for God cannot be tempted with evil, and he himself tempts no one. But each person is tempted when he is lured and enticed by his own desire. Then desire when it has conceived gives birth to sin, and sin when has fully grown brings forth death” (James 1:13-15).
[xii] See, 1 Corinthians 7:2; because the temptation for immorality would be too great. Also, Jesus statement in Matthew 19:10-12.
[xiii] Note: Catholicism places a vow of chastity on their priesthood.
[xiv] “I think that in view of the present distress it is good for a person to remain as he is” (1 Corinthians 7:26).
[xv] It would be difficult to see a spouse or a child undergo persecution and not feel turmoil over the event.
[xvi] “So they are no longer two but one flesh. What therefore God has joined together, let no man separate” (Matthew 19:6).
[xvii] See, Jesus explanation to Pharisees concerning a question of divorce Matthew 19:3-9.
[xviii] See, Malachi 2:16; Matthew 5:32; 19:9.
[xix] “But I say to you that everyone who divorces his wife, except on the ground of sexual immorality, makes her commit adultery, and whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery” (Matthew 5:32).
[xx] For an interesting and provocative study on this subject; see, The Truth About Divorce and Remarriage: A Politically Incorrect View of Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage in Today’s Church by Weldon Langfield.
[xxi] Can a person leave the covenant of Christ after becoming a baptized believer in Christ? Scripture does not teach that specifically. If after falling away, does he need to be baptized into Christ again? No (Acts 8:13, 22-24). It is baptism into Christ for the forgiveness of sins that begins the covenant with Christ – that tipping point from outside Christ to inside Christ (Matthew 28:18-20; Mark 16:16; John 3:3-5; Acts 2:38, 41, 47; 22:16; Romans 6:2-4; Galatians 3:27; Ephesians 1:13-14; 1 Peter 3:21). However, after becoming a Christian, a person’s walk will dictate if he continues obedience in Christ. Those who walk in obedience; though, not sinless, will be eternally saved through the blood of Christ (John 3:16, 36; Romans 6:4, 23; Galatians 5:22-26; Hebrews 11:13; 1 John 1:7,9; 5:16-17). Those who walk in disobedience, even though in covenant relationship with Christ, will also be lost along with all who never chose to be in a covenant relationship with Christ (John 3:16, 36; Romans 5; 6:23; Galatians 5:19-21; 1 John 1:5-6, 8; 3:7-9; 5:16-17). But anyone who is a Christian, that has led an unrepentant life, can repent and live a lifestyle of repentance. He does not need to be baptized again, he needs to repent (and all this word in Scripture entails) and pray (Acts 8:22-24).
[xxii] See, Acts 20:23-24; Romans 1:1-6; 1 Corinthians 9:1-2; 14:37.
[xxiii] See, John 16:12-13; just because something may have not been discussed doesn’t mean it wasn’t taught to the disciples by the Holy Spirit).
[xxiv] 1 John 2:15-17.
[xxv] See, 1 John 1: 7, 9.
[xxvi] 1 John 1:7.
[xxvii] See, Galatians 5:6; 6:15; rituals do not affect a person’s standing before God.
[xxviii] See, 1 John 2:4-5. Today, the only covenant a person can be in relationship with God is the New Covenant (Jeremiah 31:3-4; Hebrews 8:8-13).
[xxix] See, Philemon; Also, a person who becomes a believer after already being married to a non-believer should not seek a divorce from the spouse but remain in their current marital standing.
[xxx] Ephesians 6:5-6.
[xxxi] Because it is not a command.
[xxxii] See, 1 John 2:17.
[xxxiii] See, Proverbs 21:6; James 4:14.
[xxxiv] See, Hebrews 11:9; 1 Peter 1:17; 2:11.
[xxxv] See, Ezekiel 34:16; Romans 1-3; 1 Timothy 1:15.
[xxxvi] The NASB reads: “So then both he who gives his own virgin daughter in marriage does well, and he who does not give her in marriage will do better” (1 Corinthians 7:38).
[xxxvii] See, Genesis 2:22-24; Matthew 19:6-8.
[xxxviii] See, Matthew 5:32; 19:9; also, Romans 7:3a; yet, the offended spouse may choose to remain with the other.
[xxxix] So, the believer is now legitimately free from the marriage relationship.
[xl] See, Romans 7:2-3b.
[xli] See, Genesis 2:21-25; Malachi 2:14.
[xlii] See, 1 Timothy 5:3ff concerning older and younger widows.
The Lord's humbled . . . John A. Reeves
A good teacher knows that there are always questions asked that need to be answered. The apostle Paul was no exception (7:1). Within the context of chapter 7, Paul answers the question(s) which the Corinthian congregation needed to know. He answered them so that they would be guided in a correct lifestyle of Christ. What specific question(s) they asked, it is impossible to know, but Paul explains exactly what they needed to hear, to be right with God, in a society which was not influenced by the New Covenant of Jesus Christ.[i] Unlike the apostles, who were inspired by God and guided by truth in the Holy Spirit,[ii] “normal” and uninspired believers in Christ were confronted with many issues that needed to be addressed by those who were, in fact, inspired by God.[iii]
This text discusses many issues; especially, those centered around familial relationships. Paul speaks about marriage relationships (7:1-6), celibacy (7:7-9), divorce or separation between believing married couples (7:10-11), a believer married to a non-believer (7:12-16), divorce of a non-believer from a believer (7:15-16), examples of living worthy in one’s status whatever it is (7:17-24), remaining as one with God in the present distress (7:25-28), a believer’s proper attitude in relationship with God (7:29-35), virgins in the custom of arranged marriages (7:36-38), widows (7:39), and the choice to marry or not to marry (7:39-40). Did the body of Christ in Corinth ask a question(s) that covered all these issues? Were they interested in hearing a viewpoint that would verify what others believed to be true? Did Paul expand on the answer to a small question? Whatever the question(s), Paul makes a brilliant exposition that was not only beneficial for the Corinthian church of the first century, but also for all believers in Christ today.[iv] Now, let us look at each text individually and attempt to determine the thoughts of Paul - one who is inspired by the Holy Spirit.
MARRIAGE RELATIONSHIPS (7:1-6)
“(1) Now concerning the matters about which you wrote: ‘It is good for a man not to have sexual relations with a woman.’ (2) But because of the temptation to sexual immorality, each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband. (3) The husband should give to his wife her conjugal rights, and likewise the wife to her husband. (4) For the wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does. Likewise the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does. (5) Do not deprive one another, except perhaps by agreement for a limited time that you may devote yourselves to prayer; but then come together again, so that Satan may not tempt you because of your lack of self-control. (6) Now as a concession, not a command, I say this.”[v]
There is no doubt that the union of a man and a woman in marriage is a wonderful gift from God.[vi] And this union of marriage is combined with the love of God who joined them.[vii] So, the statement Paul made that “It is good for a man not to have sexual relations with a woman” (7:1b), must be understood in the context of the sexually loose lifestyle of Corinth. In fact, his reason for Corinthian Christians to be married is because of their incessant immoralities (7:2).[viii]
God designed the joining in marriage to be between a man and woman only (7:2).[ix] And within that marriage the husband and wife are to fulfill each other’s sexual needs (7:3-5). The importance of being married for sexual needs is the main reason, on this subject, Paul is addressing the Corinthian church. Again, Paul desired them to be married because of their lack of constraint on issues of immorality (7:1). Yet, the duty that a married couple has for each other is not exclusive to sexual fulfillment.[x] Their individual lives do not center merely on their own self-gratification but, as a married couple, they support each other in all marital issues including sexual relations (7:4).
Within the context of these first six verses are commandments that must be followed. These commandments are: marriage in the face of immorality, marriage between a man and a woman, and sexual fulfillments in marriage. However, Paul suggests (7:6) that a married couple may refrain from sexual fulfillment for a time to focus of spiritual reflection and spiritual needs (7:5). So, even while taking care of certain spiritual disciplines, married couples must be aware why they were married in the first place and not succumb, or let their spouse succumb, to temptation that leads to immorality (7:5).[xi]
CELIBACY (7:7-9)
“(7) I wish that all were as I myself am. But each has his own gift from God, one of one kind and one of another. (8) To the unmarried and the widows I say that it is good for them to remain single as I am. (9) But if they cannot exercise self-control, they should marry. For it is better to marry than to burn with passion”
The practice of celibacy is one’s ability to refrain from sexual needs and wants. So, those who practice celibacy do not need the sexual fulfillment that can only be appropriately found in marriage. Paul was one of these individuals who held to this practice and he encouraged others to follow in his footsteps (7:1, 7). Yet, the practice of celibacy, on a permanent basis, is not something that one can decide or demand others to do unilaterally.[xii] It is a gift that God gives certain people (7:7). So, it would be futile to require the practice of celibacy on people who hold certain roles in the Christian kingdom.[xiii] Clearly, the individual would be the best person to determine if God has given him or her this gift. Paul wishes that all people were like him, but he does not command it (7:7).
One reason Paul gave for widows and the unmarried to remain celibate was because of the persecution that they would face as Christians, not because marriage in and of itself is a bad idea.[xiv] This “temporary” celibacy would be convenient considering persecution. It would be easier for a single person to escape or stand up for Christ because he would not feel obligated to take care of the needs of his family.[xv] Yet, regardless of their present distress, Paul did not forget that it is better for people to marry than to burn with desire for unmet sexual fulfillment, fall into immorality, and ultimately sin against God (7:9).
DIVORCE OR SEPERATION BETWEEN BELIEVING MARRIED COUPLES (7:10-11)
“(10) To the married I give this charge (not I, but the Lord): the wife should not separate from her husband (11) (but if she does, she should remain unmarried or else be reconciled to her husband), and the husband should not divorce his wife.”
There are those who have the opinion that this text is not dealing with divorce between a married couple; rather, it is dealing with separation. However, it seems very clear that Paul is talking about divorce of a married couple rather than a temporary separation. First, Paul says that this instruction is to a married couple. They are married because God recognizes that they are united.[xvi] The reason that this conclusion seems best is because Paul commands that a Christian woman, who has left her Christian husband, is to remain unmarried (7:11). So, if she became unmarried after being married; it follows that she is divorced.
The command that a Christian husband and wife should not get a divorce comes from “the Lord” (7:10).[xvii] The word “Lord”, in this instance, does not seem to designate Jesus only but also the Heavenly Father.[xviii] Divorce is detestable to God and God lays down the rule not to get a divorce; yet, for those believers who do become divorced, He then regulates their behavior after the fact. If a divorce happens between a believing husband and wife, except for reasons of adultery,[xix] neither individual may remarry another and be correct with God. In fact, the only two choices they have are: 1) to remain unmarried, or 2) become reconciled and reunite their marriage (7:11).[xx]
A BELEIVER MARRIED TO A NON-BELIEVER (7:12-16)
“(12) To the rest I say (I, not the Lord) that if any brother has a wife who is an unbeliever, and she consents to live with him, he should not divorce her. (13) If any woman has a husband who is an unbeliever, and he consents to live with her, she should not divorce him. (14) For the unbelieving husband is made holy because of his wife, and the unbelieving wife is made holy because of her husband. Otherwise your children would be unclean, but as it is, they are holy. (15) But if the unbelieving partner separates, let it be so. In such cases the brother or sister is not enslaved. God has called you to peace. (16) For how do you know, wife, whether you will save your husband? Or how do you know, husband, whether you will save your wife?”
There are only two scenarios, and possibly a third, that would have to happen for a person who is a believer to be married to a non-believer. First, a believer marries a non-believer. This could be the result of an arranged marriage which was and still is common in many cultures or it could be the natural development that comes from affection for the opposite sex. Second, two non-believers are married and one becomes a Christian later in the marriage. Third, and possibly the most debatable, two believers are married to each other and the one spouse falls away from the Lord; thereby, becoming in all respects a non-believer.[xxi] These scenarios may be exactly that which the apostle Paul is referring.
Paul starts off this section oddly, he says “To the rest I say, (I, not the Lord) . . .” (7:12). Is Paul claiming that this section is his opinion and therefore may not need to be listened to by the hearer (cf. 7:6)? Not according to his apostleship given by the Lord.[xxii] Paul’s words are from the Holy Spirit. Quite probably, this statement in verse 12 relates back to verse 10. Verse 10 should be understood as information spoken by Jesus while he was on the earth. Hence, the topic of a believer married to a non-believer was not discussed by Jesus and His disciples.[xxiii]
The believer may not initiate divorce from their unbelieving spouse (7:12-13). The reason why a believer must not initiate the divorce is because there is always a chance that the unbelieving spouse may turn to the Lord because of the example that the believing spouse has with their counterpart (cf. 7:14, 16). Also, the believing spouse can be a great influence for Christ on their children. It is important that the children are shown all positive Christian attributes that can only be taught and exposed by a believer in Christ. So, the sanctity of the marriage goes beyond the comfort ability of a mixed marriage toward a mission effort for the cause of Christ (7:14).
DIVORCE OF A NON-BELIEVER FROM A BELIEVER (7:15-16)
(15) But if the unbelieving partner separates, let it be so. In such cases the brother or sister is not enslaved. God has called you to peace. (16) For how do you know, wife, whether you will save your husband? Or how do you know, husband, whether you will save your wife?”
All a Christian can do is their best. God allows all people to make choices in their lives that affect their eternal relationship.[xxiv] So, a non-believer, who decides to divorce his or her spouse, is free to do so according to God’s word (7:15). This willful separation is to be understood as a death that permanently separates the marriage relationship so that the believing spouse is free to remain celibate or remarry (cf. 7:39). The believer, even though they may feel like a failure, is under no obligation to their divorced counterpart.
EXAMPLES OF LIVING WORTHY IS ONE’S STATUS WHATEVER IT IS (7:17-24)
“(17) Only let each person lead the life that the Lord has assigned to him, and to which God has called him. This is my rule in all the churches. (18) Was anyone at the time of his call already circumcised? Let him not seek to remove the marks of circumcision. Was anyone at the time of his call uncircumcised? Let him not seek circumcision. (19) For neither circumcision counts for anything nor uncircumcision, but the keeping the commandments of God. (20) Each one should remain in the condition in which he was called. (21) Were you a bondservant when called? Do not be concerned about it. (But if you can gain your freedom, avail yourself of the opportunity. (22) For he who was called in the Lord as a bondservant is a freedman of the Lord. Likewise he who was free when called is a bondservant of Christ. (23) You were bought with a price; do not become bondservants of men. (24) So, brothers, in whatever condition each was called, there let him remain with God.”
Is there a possibility that the apostle Paul lost his train of thought while he was writing a passage concerning marriage, divorce, and remarriage? Not likely. It seems that Paul, like any good orator, was using examples concerning other life events to help illustrate the importance of one’s walk with God; especially, in relationship situations. What Paul is stressing, concerning the marriage and celibacy issues, is for all churches in the first century, as well as today (7:17). God has called all believers to walk in the walk they chose when they became Christians.[xxv] It is a walk that is directed by the light of Jesus Christ which leads a person toward salvation.[xxvi]
When a person becomes a Christian, he does so at the point in life that he finds himself. A person who is a Jew (circumcised) can become a Christian even though he was born or made a Jew. A person who is a Greek or Gentile (uncircumcised) can become a Christian even though he is not currently a Jew (7:18).[xxvii] Rituals that identify a person to a national or religious group do not bind that person permanently to those groups when he chooses to become a Christian (7:18-19). What matters in being a believer of Christ is keeping the commandments of God according to the covenant in which he lives (7:19).[xxviii] So, the mark of an obedient and faithful Christian is commandment keeping. Noticeably, some of those commandments deal with relationship situations concerning marital issues.
What about social standing. A person who is a slave or a person who is a free man has an equal choice to become a Christian. Yet becoming a Christian did not mean that a slave immediately was freed from his master (7:12-14).[xxix] On the contrary, a slave is required to serve his master as unto the Lord.[xxx] There is no doubt that to be free of indentured servitude would be a blessing to those who were slaves (7:21). Yet, a Christian who is a slave has the knowledge that he is free in Christ and will receive blessings accordingly (7:22). Likewise, those who became Christians as free men are slaves to Christ because their lives are not their own – they are Christ’s (7:22-23). It is important to remain faithful to the Lord no matter what circumstances happen in one’s life (7:24).
REMAINING AS ONE WITH GOD IN THE PRESENT DISTRESS (7:25-28)
“(25) Now concerning the betrothed, I have no command from the Lord, but I give my judgment as one who by the Lord’s mercy is trustworthy. (26) I think that in view of the present distress it is good for a person to remain as he is. (27) Are you bound to a wife? Do not seek to be free. Are you free from a wife? Do not seek a wife. (28) But if you do marry, you have not sinned, and if a betrothed woman marries, she has not sinned. Yet those who marry will have worldly troubles, and I would spare you that.”
Paul is concerned for the Christian’s welfare. It seems as if Paul has been given inspired foresight into the difficulty that is beginning for all Christians during this age of the Roman empire and for the persecution that is going to continue to take place. Because of this, Paul is persisting in pointing out the urgency in remaining current in one’s marital or non-marital relationships for the time being (cf. 7:1, 8, 20, 24, 26, 40).
Paul is letting people know that Jesus did not speak about the status of virgins, but Paul, from the Lord, says that a person who is a virgin should remain as a virgin (at least temporarily) because of the persecution against Christians (7:25-26). Not only should virgins consider remaining unmarried (cf. 7:25, 28),[xxxi] but those who are married to a believer or a non-believer should not initiate or seek a divorce from their spouse (cf. 7:10-16). And if they have been divorced, as a believer from a non-believer, then that person should not seek to be married (cf. 7:12-16); especially, during this time of present persecution (7:27).
Paul still hasn’t forgotten the pull people have falling into the temptation concerning immorality (7:2). This is true because he says that those who have been divorced from non-believers may remarry without fear of sinning against God (7:28). Also, those who have never been married may seek to be married to another without sinning against God (7:28). Paul is not discouraging marriage or celibacy, but is encouraging awareness about the present distress so people will have all the information they need to make wiser, more appropriate decisions (7:26). It is important to remember that Paul has not changed his mind about believing spouses who have married and divorced. The only two choices they have are to reconcile and remarry each other or stay unmarried (7:10-11).
A BELEIVER’S PROPER ATTITUDE IN RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD (7:29-35)
“(29) This is what I mean, brothers: the appointed time has grown very short. From now on, let those who have wives live as though they had none, (30) and those who mourn as though they were not mourning, and those who rejoice as though they were not rejoicing, and those who buy as though they had no goods, (31) and those who deal with the world as though they had no dealings with it. For the present form of this world is passing away. (32) I want you to be free from anxieties. The unmarried man is anxious about the things of the Lord, how to please the Lord. (33) But the married man is anxious about worldly things, how to please his wife, (34) and his interests are divided. And the unmarried or betrothed woman is anxious about the things of the Lord, how to be holy in body and spirit. But the married woman is anxious about worldly things, how to please her husband. (35) I say this for your own benefit, not to lay any restraint upon you, but to promote good order and to secure your undivided devotion to the Lord”
The phrase, “the appointed time has grown very short” seems to carry a recommendation for the first century Christian to express a pronounced fortitude in keeping a relationship with God strong (7:29). This persecution demands, by its very nature, that an individual be dedicated to the Lord and look at life with spiritual eyes rather than eyes that are only focused on the physical.[xxxii] Therefore, those who are married, those who are sad, those who are happy, those who are businessmen, and all those believers who live in the world should not live as if God is not in charge of their lives. God supplies believers with all their needs and resources and He wants to be the priority, above every other relationship, that can be found in this world (7:29-31). It must be remembered that our life on earth is fleeting[xxxiii] and those who belong to God recognize that there is no permanence in this life.[xxxiv] So, our focus must remain solely on God.
Again, Paul strongly suggests that believers in Christ should consider celibacy so that they will be free from concern about family (7:32, 35). It is only natural for a good spouse to seek the best for the welfare of his or her partner. So, if a spouse is sick, injured, or needing help in any way then the partner’s attention is drawn toward satisfying those needs (7:32-33). Does that mean that they do not honor and devote themselves to the Lord? Of course not. Yet, their attention cannot always be on the Lord’s mission, which is seeking and saving the lost,[xxxv] but must also be focused on taking care of their own household in whatever capacity they are required to fulfill.
VIRGINS IN THE CUSTOM OF ARRANGED MARRIAGES (7:36-38).
“(36) If anyone thinks that he is not behaving properly toward his betrothed, if his passions are strong, and it has to be, let him do as he wishes: let them marry-it is no sin. (37) But whoever is firmly established in his heart, being under no necessity but having his desire under control, and has determined this in his heart, to keep her as his betrothed, he will do well. (38) So then he who marries his betrothed does well, and he who refrains from marriage will do even better.”
In many cultures, including the Corinthian culture, families arranged marriages between a boy and a girl long before they were of an age to marry. The male was usually much older than his future wife so he could provide for her properly. Yet, the father of the daughter had the right to accept or refuse the union of his daughter with another. The custom is not something Paul argues for or against; yet, he encourages fathers with virgin daughters not to give them in marriage, at least in the short term, because of the present distress (cf. 7:26, 38).[xxxvi]
There are some reasons why a father would go ahead and let his daughter be married. She may be past her youth, in other words – past puberty, and her time for marriage is customarily appropriate (7:36). In other words, the society norms cause him to conform to the marriage custom. Also, the phrase, “if it has to be” (7:36), may refer to those who are betrothed and their obvious passionate desires for each other which is a very acceptable reason for the marriage union (cf. 7:2-5). It must be noted that whatever the father does, in allowing or not allowing his virgin daughter to be married, neither choice is a sin against God (7:36).
WIDOWS (7:39)
“(39) A wife is bound to her husband as long as he lives. But if her husband dies, she is free to be married to whom she wishes, only in the Lord.”
Marriage is to be a life-long event. God did not design it to be a trade-in program like people, today, do with cars.[xxxvii] The only legitimate reasons that a marriage completes its cycle is when one spouse commits adultery,[xxxviii] a non-believing spouse chooses to divorce (7:12-16),[xxxix] or the spouse loses the loved one in physical death (7:39).[xl] The Lord granted the blessings of the marriage union to all people even if they are not Christians.[xli] It is a beautiful gift from God to all humanity but; especially, those Christians who marry each other “in the Lord” (7:39).
THE CHOICE TO MARRY OR NOT TO MARRY (7:39-40)
“(39) A wife is bound to her husband as long as he lives. But if her husband dies, she is free to be married to whom she wishes, only in the Lord. (40) Yet in my judgment she is happier if she remains as she is. And I think that I too have the Spirit of God.”
Paul again shows his concern for those Christians who will be going through the current and up-and-coming persecution. Celibacy is Paul’s answer for those who are widowed (7:8, 40).[xlii] However, Paul has not forgotten why people; especially in Corinth, need to get married (7:2, 9). Paul does not require widows to remain celibate; in fact, marriage is something she is permitted to do if she so chooses (7:39). It must be noted that if a person does have the gift of celibacy then his or her ability to devote their life to Christ is enhanced tremendously (7:7, 32-35). This is what all Christians need to do – focus on God and His will in their lives.
CONCLUSION
The Lord loves His people and with that love He gives guidelines and commandments concerning relationships. Through the Spirit, the Lord provides answers to questions that are relevant to the human situation. It is with our utmost that Christians need to serve God. If a Christian has the gift of celibacy, then serve God. If a Christian is married, divorced, or widowed; then serve God. If a Christian has never been married, serve God. “Only let each person lead the life that the Lord has assigned to him, and to which God has called him. This is my rule in all the churches” (7:17).
ENDNOTES
[i] Hebrews 8:8-12; Jeremiah 31:31-34; See also, Matthew 26:27-28; Hebrews 8:6; 9:15-22; 10:26-31; 12:24; Isaiah 42:6-9; Malachi 3:1.
[ii] See, John 20:22-23, Acts 1:8; also, note Paul’s special relationship with Jesus even though he was not one of the original 12 apostles, Acts 9; 18:9-10; 20:23-24; Romans 1:1-6; 1 Corinthians 9:1-2.
[iii] “I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word” (John 17:20).
[iv] “Only let each person lead the life that the Lord has assigned to him, and to which God has called him. This is my rule in all the churches” (1 Corinthians 7:17).
[v] All Scripture quotes come from the English Standard Version (ESV) unless otherwise stated.
[vi] See, Genesis 2:22-24; Ephesians 5:31.
[vii] “So they are no longer two but one flesh. What therefore God has joined together, let no man separate” (Matthew 19:6).
[viii] 1 Corinthians 5:1ff.
[ix] See, Genesis 2:18; 1 Corinthians 6:9; 1 Timothy 1:10.
[x] Especially Christian couples; see, Ephesians 5:25ff.
[xi] “Let no one say when he is tempted, ‘I am being tempted by God,’ for God cannot be tempted with evil, and he himself tempts no one. But each person is tempted when he is lured and enticed by his own desire. Then desire when it has conceived gives birth to sin, and sin when has fully grown brings forth death” (James 1:13-15).
[xii] See, 1 Corinthians 7:2; because the temptation for immorality would be too great. Also, Jesus statement in Matthew 19:10-12.
[xiii] Note: Catholicism places a vow of chastity on their priesthood.
[xiv] “I think that in view of the present distress it is good for a person to remain as he is” (1 Corinthians 7:26).
[xv] It would be difficult to see a spouse or a child undergo persecution and not feel turmoil over the event.
[xvi] “So they are no longer two but one flesh. What therefore God has joined together, let no man separate” (Matthew 19:6).
[xvii] See, Jesus explanation to Pharisees concerning a question of divorce Matthew 19:3-9.
[xviii] See, Malachi 2:16; Matthew 5:32; 19:9.
[xix] “But I say to you that everyone who divorces his wife, except on the ground of sexual immorality, makes her commit adultery, and whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery” (Matthew 5:32).
[xx] For an interesting and provocative study on this subject; see, The Truth About Divorce and Remarriage: A Politically Incorrect View of Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage in Today’s Church by Weldon Langfield.
[xxi] Can a person leave the covenant of Christ after becoming a baptized believer in Christ? Scripture does not teach that specifically. If after falling away, does he need to be baptized into Christ again? No (Acts 8:13, 22-24). It is baptism into Christ for the forgiveness of sins that begins the covenant with Christ – that tipping point from outside Christ to inside Christ (Matthew 28:18-20; Mark 16:16; John 3:3-5; Acts 2:38, 41, 47; 22:16; Romans 6:2-4; Galatians 3:27; Ephesians 1:13-14; 1 Peter 3:21). However, after becoming a Christian, a person’s walk will dictate if he continues obedience in Christ. Those who walk in obedience; though, not sinless, will be eternally saved through the blood of Christ (John 3:16, 36; Romans 6:4, 23; Galatians 5:22-26; Hebrews 11:13; 1 John 1:7,9; 5:16-17). Those who walk in disobedience, even though in covenant relationship with Christ, will also be lost along with all who never chose to be in a covenant relationship with Christ (John 3:16, 36; Romans 5; 6:23; Galatians 5:19-21; 1 John 1:5-6, 8; 3:7-9; 5:16-17). But anyone who is a Christian, that has led an unrepentant life, can repent and live a lifestyle of repentance. He does not need to be baptized again, he needs to repent (and all this word in Scripture entails) and pray (Acts 8:22-24).
[xxii] See, Acts 20:23-24; Romans 1:1-6; 1 Corinthians 9:1-2; 14:37.
[xxiii] See, John 16:12-13; just because something may have not been discussed doesn’t mean it wasn’t taught to the disciples by the Holy Spirit).
[xxiv] 1 John 2:15-17.
[xxv] See, 1 John 1: 7, 9.
[xxvi] 1 John 1:7.
[xxvii] See, Galatians 5:6; 6:15; rituals do not affect a person’s standing before God.
[xxviii] See, 1 John 2:4-5. Today, the only covenant a person can be in relationship with God is the New Covenant (Jeremiah 31:3-4; Hebrews 8:8-13).
[xxix] See, Philemon; Also, a person who becomes a believer after already being married to a non-believer should not seek a divorce from the spouse but remain in their current marital standing.
[xxx] Ephesians 6:5-6.
[xxxi] Because it is not a command.
[xxxii] See, 1 John 2:17.
[xxxiii] See, Proverbs 21:6; James 4:14.
[xxxiv] See, Hebrews 11:9; 1 Peter 1:17; 2:11.
[xxxv] See, Ezekiel 34:16; Romans 1-3; 1 Timothy 1:15.
[xxxvi] The NASB reads: “So then both he who gives his own virgin daughter in marriage does well, and he who does not give her in marriage will do better” (1 Corinthians 7:38).
[xxxvii] See, Genesis 2:22-24; Matthew 19:6-8.
[xxxviii] See, Matthew 5:32; 19:9; also, Romans 7:3a; yet, the offended spouse may choose to remain with the other.
[xxxix] So, the believer is now legitimately free from the marriage relationship.
[xl] See, Romans 7:2-3b.
[xli] See, Genesis 2:21-25; Malachi 2:14.
[xlii] See, 1 Timothy 5:3ff concerning older and younger widows.
The Lord's humbled . . . John A. Reeves
Published in the "The Lord's Humbled" on August 17, 2017